22 декабря, 2024

Orsk.today

Будьте в курсе последних событий в России благодаря новостям Орска, эксклюзивным видеоматериалам, фотографиям и обновленным картам.

Новый анализ окаменелостей показывает динозавра с 50-футовой шеей

Новый анализ окаменелостей показывает динозавра с 50-футовой шеей

Маменчизавр синоканадорум динозавр

Изображение зауропода, известного как Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum, длиной 15 метров. Фото: © Джулия д’Оливейра

Динозавры-завроподы с их длинными шеями и массивными телами поражали воображение людей с тех пор, как первые относительно полные окаменелости были обнаружены в Соединенных Штатах в конце 1800-х годов. Оригинальный образец принадлежит Музею естественной истории. Дебби Это было среди этих открытий.

Теперь международная группа под руководством палеонтолога из Университета Стоуни-Брук доктора Эндрю Дж. Мура, включая профессора Пола Барретта, заслуженного исследователя, из Музея естественной истории в Лондоне, сообщает, что[{» attribute=»»>Jurassic Chinese sauropod known as Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum sported a 50-foot (15-meter) long neck.

The revelation comes as part of a paper that aims to document the diversity and evolutionary history of the family Mamenchisauridae, a group of particularly long-necked sauropod dinosaurs that roamed East Asia and possibly other parts of the world from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous (approximately 174–114 million years ago).

Lower Jaw and Two Vertebrae Linked Together

Lower jaw and two of the vertebrae linked together. Credit: Trustees of the Natural History Museum

Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum was discovered in approximately 162-million-year-old rocks from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of northwest China in 1987 by the China–Canada Dinosaur Project team, for which it was named in 1993. At approximately 15.1 meters, its neck was more than six times longer than the necks of giraffes and 1.5 times the length of a double-decker bus! This potentially makes it the longest neck of any animal to have ever existed.

For sauropods, the long neck was one of the keys to achieving large body size. To power such a large body, sauropods had to be efficient at gathering food, and that’s exactly what a long neck was built for. A sauropod could stand in one spot and graze the surrounding vegetation, conserving energy while taking in tons of food. Having a long neck probably also allowed sauropods to shed excess body heat by increasing their surface area, much like the ears of elephants. This lifestyle was exceptionally successful with the sauropod lineage appearing early in dinosaur evolutionary history and persisting until the final days of the Mesozoic, when an asteroid wiped out most of the dinosaurs, except for the relatives of modern birds.

Lower Jaw and Two Vertebrae

Lower jaw and two of the vertebrae linked together. Credit: Trustees of the Natural History Museum

The question of which sauropod had the longest neck is not a simple one to answer. The largest sauropods tend to be some of the most poorly known as it is very hard to completely bury such a large animal in sediment, the first stage required for fossilization. Poor preservation of these specimens and their closest relatives often makes estimates of their neck length speculative.

Although Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum is known only from a handful of bones from the neck and skull, the research team was able to reconstruct its evolutionary relationships and thus make comparisons to the unusually complete skeletons of its closest relatives. This allowed them to conclude that Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum had a neck approximately 15.1 meters long, the longest of any known sauropod.

Lead author Dr. Andrew J. Moore, Stony Brook University paleontologist, said, “All sauropods were big, but jaw-droppingly long necks didn’t evolve just once.

“Mamenchisaurids are important because they pushed the limits on how long a neck can be and were the first lineage of sauropods to do so. With a 15-meter-long neck, it looks like Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum might be a record-holder – at least until something longer is discovered.”

Paul Barrett Studying Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum Specimen

Prof Paul Barrett studying the Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum specimen in the Paleozoological Museum of China in Beijing. Credit: Trustees of the Natural History Museum

The question of how sauropods managed to evolve such long necks and large bodies without collapsing under their own weight has puzzled scientists since their discovery. When studying Mamenchisaurus the team was able to use computed-tomography (CT) scanning to reveal that the vertebrae were lightweight and hollow with air spaces comprising about 69–77% of their volume, similar to the lightly built skeletons of birds. However, such featherweight skeletons would also be more prone to injury. To combat this Mamenchisaurus had 4-meter-long rod-like neck ribs, bony extensions of the vertebrae that created overlapping bundles of rods on either side of the neck. These bundles would have stiffened the neck of Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum, increasing its stability.

The remaining mystery of Mamenchisaurus and many other long-necked sauropods is understanding just how they drew air down these long necks all the way to their lungs.

Prof. Paul Barrett, Merit Researcher, Natural History Museum London explains, “Like all other sauropod dinosaurs, Mamenchisaurus had a complex breathing apparatus that included not only the lungs, but also numerous balloon-like air sacs. These were connected to the lungs and windpipe but spread throughout the interior of the animal’s neck, chest, and abdomen.

“Taken in combination, these air sacs had a much greater volume than the lungs, and they even went inside the bones, hollowing them out. This extra space would have helped these gigantic sauropods to move the large volume of air in the lengthy windpipe that would have occupied their extraordinary necks.”

While Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum is now thought to have the longest neck of any dinosaur it was still not the biggest dinosaur. That title is held by a species in the titanosaur group and dinosaur fans will get the chance to see the colossal titanosaur Patagotitan mayorum, one of the largest known creatures to have ever walked our planet, this summer at London’s Natural History Museum.

Reference: “Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum Russell and Zheng, 1993, and the evolution of exceptionally long necks in mamenchisaurids” by Andrew J. Moore, Paul M. Barrett, Paul Upchurch, Chun-Chi Liao, Yong Ye, Baoqiao Hao and Xing Xu, 15 March 2023, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2023.2171818

The new paper Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum Russell and Zheng, 1993, and the evolution of exceptionally long necks in mamenchisaurids is published in the Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. The research was funded by numerous organisations including the United States National Science Foundation, The Royal Society of London, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

سكس سمينات مصرى porn-loop.net سكس ونيك مصري stl result 2pm today tvteleserye.net the marriage broken vow may 31 2022 full episode sridevi ki blue film indianpornfeed.com desi49 bhabhi nude sex tubzolina.mobi gonzomoves palalimin superpinoy.net to have and to hold november 12 desi hard fuck porngalstube.com xviedos indian bihar xxx video com alexporn.mobi xnxx rape.com 3gp king indian video justerporn.mobi russian xxx blue film porn 妻が友人の結婚式で家にいない間に爆乳で美人の妻の姉を犯し中出ししまくった5日間の調教記録 織田真子 sakurajav.mobi お姉さんの爆乳が卑猥過ぎて秒殺で悩殺!! 音海里奈 قصص سكس محارم مصريه porn724.com واحد بينيك واحدة kashmiri hot girls kings-porno.com videossix hentai stranded island freecartoonporn.info hemtaifox bnha yaoi hentai savehentai.info completely naked at home جسم شويكار esarabe.com سكس كيم xxxbanglavideo hotindianporn.mobi you poron