Thai oil residue upgrading project 20p. 5%S MOPS Fuel Oil 3. Our licensed technologies are found in residue upgrading flow schemes, in more than half of the world’s FCC units, and more than 100 hydroprocessing units. , Seoul, has let a series of contracts to Axens to supply technology for a residue upgrading and capacity expansion project at its 669,000-b/d Onsan refinery complex in Ulsan, South Korea. Fitch Ratings-Bangkok-24 October 2024: Fitch Ratings (Thailand) has affirmed the National Long-Term Rating of Thai Oil Public Company Limited (TOP) at ' and fully operational after the Residue Hydrocracking Unit's commencement in 2026; Factors that Could, Individually or Collectively, Lead to Positive Rating Action/Upgrade: - EBITDA net The Residue Upgrade – RTR Project will design, procure, install, and commission a Residue Upgrader Complex at RTR comprising a high lift solvent deasphalting unit, vacuum gas oil hydrocracking unit, kerosene treating unit together with a number of support process units such as sulfur recovery, hydrogen manufacturing, utilities and offsites, to meet project objectives. We think TOP’s capital rise of up to 275. Go to Investors As another residue upgrading technologies, the deasphalting process raises the refinery flexibility regarding the quality of crude oil processed, that can pass to process heavier crude oils that DOI: 10. , and Saipem Singapore Pte. FUEL OIL. This paper is to be presented at the Petroleum Society’s 5th Canadian International Petroleum Conference (55th Annual Technical Meeting), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 8 – 10, 2004. ’s Huizhou Refinery Apply Online for jobs at Thaioil Careers. Hydroprocessing and Heavy Oil Technology Manager. Project Stage: Planning; Expected Completion: 2023; Budget: USD 4. Agenda. For this complex (RUCP), Axens has supplied the following technologies: A number of technologies have been developed over the years for heavy crude and residue oil upgrading, which include processes that are based on carbon rejection, hydrogen addition and combination of both routes [1], [2], most of them with proven commercial experience. CO + CO2 + H2 O ð3Þ Heavy oil upgrading is accomplished through two main chemical reaction routes: hydrogen addition and carbon rejection (Weissman 1997). 8bn) was approved by Thaioil in August 2018. However, they are yet to be fully exploited as a result of the capital-, energy Refiners with easy access to low sulfur crude oils present relative competitive advantage in this scenario, these players can rely on relatively low cost residue upgrading technologies to produce Visbreaking is the oldest of all residue upgrading technologies. Obtained from Venezuela crude oil by Murgich et al. and fully operational after the Residue Hydrocracking Unit's commencement in 2026 Results show that under the given adders the upgrading project is competitive with the conventional technologies in elec- tricity generation planning. There are several processes available to refiners seeking an upgrading solution One of them is ebullated bed residue hydrocracking. 87 m3 (KPIO, 2009). Refinery Upgrading Project. Upgrading therefore refers to the breaking down of heavy oil into oil with similar characteristics as light crude oil. 8 billion; The Project. Ian Clarke. New Upgrading Unit (2) New Distillation Unit (3) New Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit (Sulfur, Long residue to TLB, Reformate to TPX) CFP Value Proposition Without CFP With CFP 40% - 50% Light Crude Thai Oil’s strong shareholder base • Benefits from PTT’s dual role as our major shareholder and key business partner • All transactions take place at arm’s length and in adherence with strong corporate governance principles Key strategic benefits for Thai Oil. The project, Oct 19, 2018 · Thai Oil PLC has let a $4-billion contract to a consortium of Saipem, Petrofac, and Samsung for the Clean Fuel Project at its 275,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha, Thailand (OGJ Mar 9, 2023 · The project is expected to be completed in 2025, and the refinery will produce cleaner diesel to meet the Euro 5 environmental emission standard, which is scheduled to be enforced in Thailand from 1 January 2024. Mar 1, 2016 · The unit is "a core section of Thai Oil’s Sriracha Refinery investment" as part of the company’s residue upgrading project. It has many advantages over thermal technologies such as delayed coking, but Media: Thad Sauvain, +1 510 242 4629 [email protected] Richmond, CA – October 20, 2017 – Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) is proud to announce the successful start-up of a vacuum residue upgrading plant using CLG Vacuum Residue Desulfurization (VRDS) technology. acclaimed project delivery capabilities, has resulted in licensing, 1000 refining units of every type and size globally. Consequently, CLG is uniquely positioned to support any residue upgrading project with the best available technology and solution for that particular project. Go. g. Fig. Key strategic benefits for Thai Oil. Solvent-based enhanced heavy oil recovery methods use solvent gases to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil and bitumen within the reservoir [9]. Thai Oil has been in the process of developing the process design before proceeding to front end engineering design. The refinery is located in the Sriracha district, in the Chonburi province of Thailand, approximately 125km south-east of Bangkok. , Chidori-cho 8, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815 Variations in reservoir thickness can influence the success of ISC projects. , 2003) Table 2. 1 % Environmental pressures are undermining the market for heavy fuel oil. IMBUS, V. 5%S. Each extraction process and oil losses are shown in Figure 1. UOP Hydrocracking Technology. This technology is based on the preparation of catalytic transition metals such as nickel and molybdenum (NiMo) nano-particles suspended in the heaviest fraction of oil, vacuum residue (VR). . FE. This site uses cookies and other tracking technologies to assist with navigation and your ability to provide feedback, analyse your use of our products and services, assist with our promotional and marketing efforts, and provide content from third This included the addition of a new Residue Hydrocracking Unit (RHCU) for the facility, which is the only crude oil refinery in the Baltic States. A method for producing mesophase pitch includes the steps of flushing a vessel with an at least substantially inert gas to remove air and oxygen from the vessel; charging the vessel with a hydrocarbon feed; pressurizing the vessel to an initial increased pressure; heating the vessel to a pre-determined temperature; and maintaining the vessel at the pre-determined temperature for Upgrading Fuel Oil to Euro V Fuels. Residue Upgrading Complex reprocesses residues from the crude oil refining process and Meanwhile, Thai Oil also revealed that due to several news reports of subcontractors rally in front of the Thai Oil refinery at Sriracha, Chonburi, that resulted in an indefinite delay of the Clean Fuel Project (CFP), and news of TOP primary contractor of Samsung E&A (Thailand) Co. Local. , visbreaking and delayed coking. Olefin Downstream Complex produces propylene oxide(PO) and polypropylene(PP) by injecting propylene produced from Residue Upgrading Complex. Thai Oil has been in the process of developing process design before proceeding to front-end-engineering design. In-situ upgrading technology (ISUT) has recently been proposed as a method to recover and upgrade heavy oil and bitumen simultaneously [18]. 107675 Corpus ID: 208746374; Upgrading vacuum distillation residue of oil refinery using microwave irradiation @article{Nasri2019UpgradingVD, title={Upgrading vacuum distillation residue of oil refinery using microwave irradiation}, author={Zarrin Nasri}, journal={Chemical Engineering and Processing}, year={2019}, volume={146}, pages={107675}, a method for upgrading crude oil and crude oil residues, and producing mesophase pitch including the steps of flushing a vessel with nitrogen in addition to or alternative to an inert gas to remove air and oxygen from the vessel; charging the vessel with a hydrocarbon feed; pressurizing the vessel to an initial pressure with nitrogen in addition to or alternative to an inert gas, wherein Clean fuels refinery expansion in Sri Racha, Thailand that will drive the country’s economy. Our emphasis on heavy oil upgrading, improving the bottom-of The project is expected to start commercial operation in mid-2023. 12m new shares is sound. Thaioil remains confident in its long-term growth potential and opportunities, particularly through the expedited management of the Clean Fuel Today’s refiners need to maximize the returns out of every barrel of oil. Operations. Upgrading of heavy fractions, in particular, [Review Paper] Residue Upgrading by Hydroprocessing of Deasphalted Oil Koichi MATSUSHITA＊ Central Technical Research Laboratory, ENEOS Corp. Peroni Pompe has been instrumental in these areas, collaborating with leading technologies such as Axens - H-Oil, Chevron Lummus Global - LC-Finer for residue upgrading, and GE – Chevron Texaco and Shell for gasification projects. Saudi Aramco is advancing its global chemicals growth strategy with inauguration of S-Oil Corp. (Oil refining company under the Iraqi Ministry of Oil) Location: Basrah/Republic of Iraq: Completion: 2025 (scheduled) Scope: EPCC: Capacity: Fluid catalytic cracking unit: 34,500 BPD Vacuum distillation (SDA) process, which can make deasphalted oil (DAO) by extracting and removing the asphaltenes in the VR fraction. and less desirable components for further processing like asphaltenes and other heavy molecules and can be used as a residue fuel oil component, coker feed, asphalt blending stock, or Oil & Gas Project Information for Residue Facility Upgrade Project - Ras Tanura Refinery in Saudi Arabia along with tender stage, project procurement and construction (EPC) contract to upgrade a residue facility. The work Thai Oil Public Company Limited KM Session : Clean Fuel Project 5 July 2018 Time : 8. Residue Upgrading Complex reprocesses residues from the crude oil refining process and converts them into high-value-added products such as gasoline and propylene. GREAVES, T. Stay connected by joining our network! Enter your email and tell us a bit about yourself, and we'll keep you informed about upcoming events and opportunities that match your interests. BBTC MENA 2021 – Middle East Bottom of the Barrel & Catalyst Technology Conference In the present communication, the published literature has been extensively analyzed and a state-of-the-art review has been written that includes: (1) importance and place of delayed coking as a residue upgrading process in the current refining scenario; (2) coking mechanism and kinetics; (3) design aspects; (4) feedstocks suitable for the In this mega project, the International General Contractor company Técnicas Reunidas (TR) was selected by Tüpras, Turkey’s sole oil refiner and the largest industrial company of the country, to perform the Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract for the increasing of the conversion capacity of the Izmit refinery. Update: In November 2021, Thai Oil let a Jul 3, 2016 · Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) today announced their successful award as licensor of the residue and VGO hydrocracking units for Thai Oil Public Company Limited’s expansion Apr 6, 2023 · Presentation of the Project; Amec Foster Wheeler wins Thai Oil’s Clean Fuel Project contract; CLG’s Technologies Selected to Upgrade Thai Oil’s Sriracha Refinery; Samsung Mar 7, 2016 · Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) has announced its successful award as licensor of the residue and VGO hydrocracking units for Thai Oil Public Company Limited’s expansion of Dec 2, 2024 · Thai Oil Public Company Limited (Thai Oil) aims to resolve delays in its Clean Fuel Project (CFP) at its refinery in Sri Racha, Chonburi, Thailand, by early 2025. MOPS Fuel Oil 0. 5% 51% 10% 21% 14%. , Petrofac South East Asia Pte. However, they are yet to be fully exploited as a result of the capital-, energy-, water-, wastewater-, and carbon-intensive nature of their development. Latest trade price at 12:35 PM 9. Keywords: crude palm oil, least-cost energy Atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS) process is extensively used in upgrading of heavy petroleum oils and residues to more valuable clean environmentally friendly transportation fuels and to IRPC is the third company to produce Euro-5 diesel, having completed the Ultra Clean Fuel (UCF) project in early 2024. In South Korea, S-Oil, owner of one of the world’s largest refineries, is realising a Residue Upgrading Complex Project and Olefin Downstream Complex. It is expected that the study will be completed by the end of 2016. , CAtalytic upgrading PRocess In-situ) were developed to achieve this objective down-hole. Q1/23. Vacuum residue (VR), the heaviest fraction of crude oil resulting from the vacuum distillation process, constitutes around 40 % of the crude oil feedstock [1]. 4, which depend on the temperature and pressure in the reservoir. 1 summarizes the distribution of these technologies and their processing capacity. He earned Bch and MS degrees in engineering from the University of the West Indies, *My experience* - Around 15 Years 2 years - Mechanical Equipment engineer : Field - Engineering / Power plant 1 year - Maintenance engineer : Field - Maintenance / Water treatment plant Fitch Ratings-Bangkok-24 October 2024: Fitch Ratings (Thailand) has affirmed the National Long-Term Rating of Thai Oil Public Company Limited (TOP TOP's capex will remain high and less flexible in 2024-2025 due to the CFP project. Location and site details. In addition, the demand for clean transportation fuels is growing. Operations-12. December 2017 Bottom of the Barrel Workshop NIORDC, Tehran. The THAI–CAPRI™ process was developed in 1998, and its main objective was to convert heavy oil into light oil in situ without resort to further surface upgrading, in contrast to other thermal Solvent deasphalting (SDA) has a key role in today’s refinery, as the technology can be used in a variety of ways for residue upgrading. th. 1016/j. This method was first proposed by Allen Develop Core Competencies for Sustainable Growth To deal with structural changes in the refining industry, S-OIL has been weighing its future strategic direction in a detailed manner for the last several years. The Residue Upgrading Complex Project (RUCP) is aimed at reducing fuel oil production while producing propylene through the conversion of atmospheric residue and will include the world’s first commercial High Severity FCC unit (HS-FCC™). PAPER 2004-THAI-CAPRI Process: Tracing Downhole Upgrading of Heavy Oil M. Project Type: Major expansion and upgrade, the company calls it the Clean Fuel Project (CFP) Project Summary: The project will increase daily crude throughput from 275,000 barrels to 400,000 barrels. 30 - 11. 69 Table 2. 8 billion plant expansion and upgrading project, which will include the installation of new heavy crude processing units, will be completed in 2023. Investors. extra attention to residue upgrading is that India has less options than to import crude oil with maximum percentage of residues (Sarkar, 1998). The toe-to-heel air injection (THAI) and its catalytic add-on CAPRI (i. 825 million project will add a vacuum gas oil hydrocracker, a residue hydrocracker, a hydrogen Manufacturing unit, a naphtha hydrotreater, a diesel hydrodesulfurization unit, a sulfur recovery unit, and an electric power plant fueled by residue pitch. For this complex (RUCP), Axens has supplied the following technologies: News Post Foster Wheeler Awarded FEED Contracts By S-OIL Corporation For Residue Upgrading Project In South Korea Foster Wheeler AG announced that subsidiaries of its Global Engineering and Construction Group have been awarded contracts by S-OIL Corporation for the front-end engineering design (FEED) for a residue upgrading project at S-OIL’s Onsan refinery Total Thailand crude refining capacity 1,252 kbd Market shares for refined petroleum product3 Thai Oil (275 kbpd) PTT’s Principal Refiner Esso (177 kbpd) IRPC2 (215 kbpd) SPRC2 (165 kbpd) BCP (120 kbpd) Fang (3 kbpd) Remarks: • Nelson Complexity Index measures refinery’s upgrading capability for comparison biogas and biogas upgrading project is analyzed by given an adder of 0. This interest is being stimulated by the continuing decline in fuel oil markets and growing demand for transportation fuels, especially kerosene and diesel. Which is located along the Gulf's waters in Saudi Arabia's Eastern The unit is ‘a core section of Thai Oil’s Sriracha refinery investment’ as part of the company’s residue upgrading project. cep. Once operational in 2023, this plant will enable Thailand to become a major crude oil processing hub in Asia, Nearly 70% of the global oil reserves are made up of unconventional oils such as heavy oils, bitumen, and tar sand. Consequently, to improve the refinery’s profitability and to ensure robust economics going forward, the residue upgrading project (RUP) was conceived with the objective of upgrading the residue to optimal white oil Thai Oil’s strong shareholder base • Benefits from PTT’s dual role as our major shareholder and key business partner • All transactions take place at arm’s length and in adherence with strong corporate governance principles. Nearly 70% of the global oil reserves are made up of unconventional oils such as heavy oils, bitumen, and tar sand. When the solvent mixes with heavy oil and bitumen at a high mixture rate, the asphaltene and heavy metals precipitate and the physical properties of the crude oil are altered [10]. The plant is part of CNOOC Oil & Petrochemicals Co. The USD 4. The project is expected to be completed in 2023. Reference is made to news reports by some media outlets on 21 October 2024, stating that the gathering by the Federation of Subcontractors of TOP Refinery, CFP Project, Sriracha (the “Federation The Residue Upgrading Complex Project (RUCP) is aimed at reducing fuel oil production while producing propylene through the conversion of atmospheric residue and will include the world’s first commercial High Severity FCC unit (HS-FCC™). The new Offsite Battery Limit (OSBL) EPC for RHCU includes the installation of a new Amine regeneration unit and stabilisation tower, interconnecting pipework and tie-ins to the existing refinery S-OIL successfully completed state-of-the-art S-OIL New Complex(RUC & ODC) project, which is the largest in the history of domestic oil and petrochemicals industry, with an investment of 5 trillion won, and started commercial Topics will include heavy oils upgrading strategies, HS-FCC, ARDS catalyst system, spent residue upgrading catalysts and delayed coking. QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT UPGRADING World petroleum residue processing capacity has reached about 725 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA). 2 Bond dissociation The investment in the Clean Fuel Project which is estimated to cost approximately £3. 2 % and 3. Our emphasis on heavy oil upgrading, improving the bottom-of-the-barrel material, producing clean fuels, 2016 - Chevron Lummus Global awarded hydrocracker and residue hydrocracker licences; 2018 - Samsung Engineering, Petrofac & Saipem awarded EPC contract; Other Information-Relevant Links. As the objective of the project was to minimise fuel oil while meeting the asphalt demand, it was imperative that the SDA unit chosen was operated at high lift (high deasphalted oil The clean fuel project enables Thai Oil to shift towards high-value, eco-friendly products (Euro V) and the project will boost crude oil refining capacity from 275 kbd to 400 kbd, featuring new processing units for heavy crude, including a crude distillation unit (CDU), high vacuum distillation unit (VDU), hydrocracking unit, vacuum residue hydrocracking unit (VRHU) Residue upgrading and gasification are critical processes in transforming low-value hydrocarbons into more valuable and usable forms. the following residues are generated, 0. Reference Price. XIA University of Bath S. At Criterion, we take what The rapid depletion of conventional light petroleum reserves has provoked a rising demand for refining heavy crude oils. The deep conversion part of the refining section is represented by a combination of an atmospheric residue desulfurisation unit and a high severity fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU), both licensed by Axens. It is less expensive to build and operate than other residue conversion processes and is especially useful in recovering large quantities of high-quality oils, which can be further upgraded via traditional FCC and hydrocracking units. This project will be built at Ras Tanura Refinery Complex. Currently, Thai Oil’s Clean Fuel Project (CFP) is the centerpiece of the refinery upgrading initiatives. 6bn ($4. The thermally cracked oil produced in THAI process is due to carbon rejection reactions, as shown in Eq. 5. 1 Benefits of THAI process for recovery and upgrading of heavy oil (Xia, et al. , Ltd. e. As more heavy oils are processed, there will be a noticeable increase in VR production. Others. However, such feeds contain extremely high-molecular-weight species, besides many impurities of The USD4. There can be a brief classification of residue upgrading processes under different headings, which have been commercially installed over the years in the refineries. UOP offers various solutions for upgrading both S-OIL successfully completed state-of-the-art S-OIL New Complex(RUC & ODC) project, which is the largest in the history of domestic oil and petrochemicals industry, with an investment of 5 trillion won, and started commercial operations in November 2018. Few new visbreaking projects are being considered, primarily because a visbreaker’s major product is residue fuel oil, for which demand is not increasing. Choosing the best catalysts to function under the specific conditions prevailing in an ebullated-bed residue upgrader requires considerable understanding. LONG RESIDUE. The CFP is designed to upgrade high-sulfur fuel oil to high-value products, principally diesel and jet fuel. Thai Oil Public Thai Oil PLC has let a $4-billion contract to a consortium of Saipem, Petrofac, and Samsung for the Clean Fuel Project at its 275,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha, Thailand. (1996) . HCU/Fuel Oil/Road Asphalt IRPC Rayong, Thailand (20% exp) 13,200 C 3 Lubes/Road Asphalt SK Ulsan, Korea 20,000 C 3 in residue upgrading flow schemes, in more than half of the world’s FCC units, and more than 100 hydroprocessing units. 00 hrs. ’s first phase of its new residue upgrading complex (RUC) and olefin downstream complex (ODC) at On the other hand, in-situ upgrading is a process used inside the well, whereby lighter products are generated by introducing an ultrafine dispersed or liquid catalyst, a hot fluid to increase the temperature inside the well, e. It is expected that the study will be Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) was selected as licensor of the residue and VGO hydrocracking units for Thai Oil’s expansion of their existing Sriracha refinery, located in Chonburi, Thailand, Mar 18, 2020 · Thai Oil PLC is advancing construction on its previously announced Clean Fuel Project (CFP) at its 276,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha, Thailand. 7 %; Conradson carbon residue is between 15. The Apr 15, 2020 · Thai Oil PLC has let a contract to Haldor Topsoe AS to license technology for the previously announced Clean Fuel Project (CFP) at its 276,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha, in eastern Thai Oil PLC has let a contract to Haldor Topsoe AS to license technology for the previously announced Clean Fuel Project (CFP) at its 276,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha, in eastern Thailand’s Thai Oil PLC has let a contract to McConnell Dowell Corp. Ltd. NERO ChevronTexaco. Thinner reservoirs lead to greater heat loss, resulting in the need for higher air-oil ratios, and lower combustion The US$4 billion Thai Oil clean fuels project aims to enhance the country’s long-term energy stability and economic development and boost its output of high-quality clean fuels. Thailand is the first country in South-east Asia having a policy to encourage electricity generation from renewable energy, S-Oil Corp. to provide civil works for the previously announced Clean Fuel Project (CFP) at its 276,000-b/d refinery at Sriracha The Thailoil refinery in Sriracha, Thailand is undergoing a massive upgrade and expansion under the name of Clean Fuel Project to improve the production processes and expand the refining capacity. The large number of installed visbreakers reflects refiners’ needs to minimise residue fuel oil cutter stocks. , heavy oil, vacuum residue or bitumen, and hydrogen or a hydrogen donor to favor the hydrogenation reactions. Heavy crude oil upgrading was also investigated at It is evident from these data that vacuum residue quality varies at different operation modes. It will also boost the yield of cleaner and higher value Thai Oil Public Company Limited (SET: TOP) has revealed its 2025 business strategy, focusing on sustainable growth despite anticipated challenges in both domestic and international energy and petrochemical markets. Based on the crude slate, it was necessary to upgrade the available vacuum residue (VR), atmospheric gas oil (AGO), excess vacuum gas oil (VGO) and distillate range material within the refinery. Unconventional feedstocks, such as heavy vacuum residue (VR), have become potential candidates that could be positively exploited to meet the increasing demand of high-value transportation fuels, in view of the growing scarcity in other energy sources. Petro Rabigh previously has said the BOTB project will involve establishment of two main plants and other secondary installations to convert low-value fuel oil—which accounts for about 25% of It can be seen that a major portion of the petroleum residue upgrading (about 63%) is met via thermal processes, viz. Long-term strategic partnership • Thai Oil is PTT’s principal • Nelson Complexity Index measures refinery’s upgrading capability for comparison Thai Oil is able to diversify its type of crude intake and product outputs to maximize demand and margin. 3 Baht/kWh. Based on this, the THAI OIL TOP TB THAILAND / OIL & GAS Triple transformation underway Key transformations post 2024: CFP refinery upgrade, acquisition of the Chandra Asri (CAP) stake to diversify into the olefins chain, and gas-based petrochemical production via the CAP2 project. To be in consistent with the current goals of climate crisis mitigations, technologies that are more the SARA matrix, which is different for each heavy oil, and its behaviour is crucial to designing effective catalysts for successful residue upgrading. Q3/22. 2019. The decision on which technology to use to upgrade residue is an important one, with long-term impacts and economic consequences. Residue Upgrading Project Success Story: 33: Enhanced Two-Stage Unicracking: Tüpras: Vacuum distillation residue upgrading of Tehran oil refinery, Iran, using microwave was performed, and the effects of different parameters on temperature, viscosity, API¹ gravity, and asphaltene . The high demand for transportation fuels and the ever-rising heavy nature of crude oil have Although there have been many false dawns, there are now signs that the long-awaited increase in residue upgrading projects in Europe may be about to happen. Presentation of the Project; Amec Foster Wheeler wins Thai Oil’s Clean Fuel Project contract; CLG’s Technologies Selected to Upgrade Thai Oil’s Sriracha Advanced hydrocracking unit flow scheme optimization and integration approach to maximize refinery margins for a residue upgrading project. The asphaltenes content varies between 2. 12. He is a chartered chemical engineer with 26 yr of experience in the oil and gas industry. X. 1.
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